Criterion-referenced and norm-referenced tests can be divided into either administration or _____ classifications based on the reason for testing.

Criterion-referenced and norm-referenced tests are categorized primarily based on their purpose. This distinction reflects the intent behind administering these tests: whether the goal is to measure an individual's performance against a predetermined standard (criterion-referenced) or to compare an individual's performance relative to a group (norm-referenced).

By focusing on the purpose of the test, educators and trainers can better align their assessment approaches with the learning objectives. For example, a criterion-referenced test might be used to determine whether students have mastered specific skills necessary for certification, while a norm-referenced test could be used to rank students or determine placement in programs.

The other classifications mentioned do not encompass the fundamental reason for testing, as they relate more to the context or the assessment design rather than the overarching goals of the assessment itself. Understanding this distinction is key in the development and implementation of effective testing strategies in educational and training settings.