Norm-referenced and _____-referenced are two ways to assess or evaluate a student regarding mastery of a subject or topic.

The correct choice is criterion-referenced. This method of assessment is designed to measure a student's performance against a predefined set of criteria or learning standards rather than comparing them to other students. In criterion-referenced assessments, success is determined based on whether the student has mastered specific skills or knowledge outlined in the learning objectives. This allows for a clear understanding of what the student knows and can do, providing valuable insights into their individual performance.

In contrast, norm-referenced assessments compare a student's performance to a group, typically resulting in a ranking or percentile score. This approach may not accurately reflect an individual’s mastery of the material because success is defined relative to peers rather than based on specific achievement standards. The other options, such as median, principle, and traditional, do not specifically relate to this type of assessment framework, reinforcing the relevance of criterion-referenced assessment in evaluating student mastery effectively.