Which learning theory suggests that there are certain laws or traits of adult learners that can be used to effectively instruct adult students?

The correct answer is grounded in Thorndike's Laws of Learning, which emphasize the importance of understanding how adults learn based on their unique characteristics and experiences. Thorndike identified key principles guiding the learning process, such as readiness, exercise, and effect, which can be particularly applied to adult education. These principles suggest that effective instruction considers the specific traits of adult learners, such as their motivation, need for practical applications, and the influence of their prior knowledge and experiences on new learning.

Using these laws, instructors can design learning activities that align with adults' intrinsic motivations and life experiences, making the learning process more relevant and engaging. For example, recognizing that adults are often goal-oriented can help instructors create curricula that focus on real-world applications and scenarios that resonate with learners’ individual experiences. This helps in fostering a more effective instruction environment suited to the needs of adult learners.

The other options, while relevant in various contexts, do not specifically address the laws or traits of adult learners in a direct instructional framework like Thorndike's work does.