Which of the following can contribute to test bias?

Unfamiliar terminology and vocabulary can significantly contribute to test bias because if test-takers encounter language that is not commonly understood or is outside their familiar context, it can adversely affect their ability to comprehend questions and respond accurately. This situation creates an unequal playing field, especially if the terminology is more accessible to certain groups based on their background or education.

Test-takers might be knowledgeable about the subject matter but struggle to articulate their understanding due to unfamiliar vocabulary. This can lead to misinterpretation of questions and ultimately lower scores, thus reflecting a bias that does not accurately represent a candidate's knowledge or skills.

While the test-taking environment, the length of the test, and the grading rubric can influence test outcomes, they do not have the same direct relationship with biased understanding that unfamiliar terminology does. The presence of terminology that is not universally understood can create significant barriers that do not align with the intention of assessing knowledge and competency effectively.