Which of the following is an example of academic misconduct?

Reviewing answers before turning in is an example of academic misconduct because it involves engaging in behavior that undermines the integrity of the examination process. This action can suggest that the individual may be attempting to alter their answers after completion in order to achieve a higher score, which violates the ethical standards expected in academic settings. Maintaining honesty in assessments is crucial for ensuring that the results genuinely reflect an individual's knowledge and abilities.

In contrast, other actions such as clarifying instructions or bringing necessary materials are appropriate behaviors that contribute to a fair testing environment. Focusing on the test aligns with the expectation of concentration during assessments and does not constitute any form of misconduct. Understanding the nuances of what defines academic misconduct is vital for maintaining the standards of education and evaluation.